Burning research needed

How the frequency and intensity of wildfires and intentional biomass burning will change in a future climate requires closer scientific attention, according to CSIRO’s Dr Melita Keywood.

Dr Keywood said it is likely that fire - one of nature’s primary carbon-cycling mechanisms - will become an increasingly important driver of atmospheric change as the world warms.

“Understanding changes in the occurrence and magnitude of fires will be an important challenge for which there needs to be a clear focus on the tools and methodologies available to scientists to predict fire occurrence in a changing climate.”

She said the link between long-term climate change and short-term variability in fire activity is complex, with multiple and potentially unknown feedbacks.

“Fires require fuel to burn and climate strongly affects the type, quantity and quality of fuel. Periods of high rainfall or high atmospheric carbon dioxide levels may result in increased biomass growth so that fuel loads may be enhanced in future fire seasons.

“Reduced water availability associated with drought may also result in drier biomass that is more readily burned in possibly more intense fires, while higher temperatures and other extreme weather may lengthen fire seasons and result in increased likelihood of fire ignitions and longer burning periods. Vegetation types are also altered in a changing climate.

“In turn, fires influence climate by the emissions to the atmosphere of aerosols and GHG, and by affecting the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester carbon.”

Dr Keywood said there is some evidence that fire activity may already be increasing in Western US forests and recent exceptionally intense fire events - such as the Australian Black Saturday fires in 2009 and Russian fires in 2010 - highlight the devastation resulting from fires associated with extreme weather.

“The impacts of emissions from fires on global atmospheric chemistry, and on the atmospheric burden of greenhouse gases and aerosols, are recognised but gaps remain in our scientific understanding of the processes involved and the environmental consequences of fires.

“While significant uncertainty remains in the long-term impacts of forest fires on climate, new sophisticated observational and modelling tools have recently become available. These tools provide insight into changing wildfires and intentional biomass burning emissions on the current and future climate.

“Wildfires and biomass burning are important for a range of international and domestic policies - from air pollution to climate, poverty, security, food supply and biodiversity.

“These feedbacks between fire and climate change reinforce the need for fire-related research that is based on scientifically sound measurements and modelling,” she said.

Dr Keywood’s presentation was based on a paper, Fire in the Air - Biomass burning impacts in a changing climate, just published in the journal Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, co-authored by scientists from senior international atmospheric research agencies in Australia, the US, Norway, Greece, Italy, Switzerland and Germany.

Being held until 7 July 2011 at the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre, the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics’ (IUGG’s) Earth on the Edge: Science for a Sustainable Planet conference involves around 4000 scientists from 100 countries in detailed discussions about the human costs of natural disasters and how to mitigate them.